Review Questions

1.	Explain what happened in the first Congressional elections after the war.
2.	Describe the efforts of former slaves to control their own lives and the results.
3.	Which two bills did Johnson veto and why? What was the reaction of Congress?
4.	What was in the 14^th Amendment and why did Congress pass it.
5.	What happened during the Congressional elections of 1866?
6.	What were the issues in Johnson’s impeachment and why did it fail?
7.	What was the reaction of the women’s movement to the 15^th Amendment?
8.	Make a list describing Radical Reconstruction in the South.
9.	Describe the sharecropping system.
10.	Describe the Counterrevolution to Congressional Reconstruction.
11.	How did the Grant administration’s approach to Reconstruction doom Reconstruction?
12.	What happened during the election of 1876?
13.	Why did Reconstruction come to an end?

Identifications

1.	Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan	12.	Thaddeus Stevens	23.	Ku Klux Klan
2.	Wade-Davis Bill	13.	Charles Sumner	24.	Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871
3.	Johnson’s plan	14.	Reconstruction Act of 1867	25.	Redeemers
4.	13^th, 14^th, and 15^th Amendments	15.	Tenure of Office Act	26.	Whiskey Ring
5.	Black Codes	16.	Edwin Stanton	27.	Credit Mobilier
6.	Freedmen’s Bureau	17.	Impeachment of Andrew Johnson	28.	Depression of 1873
7.	Trumbull’s Civil Rights Bill	18.	Election of 1868	29.	Civil Rights Act of 1875
8.	Civil Rights Act of 1866	19.	President Grant	30.	Election of 1876
9.	Congressional elections of 1866	20.	Carpetbaggers	31.	Rutherford B. Hayes
10.	“Waving the bloody shirt”	21.	Scalawags	32.	Samuel Tilden
11.	Radical Republicans	22.	Sharecropping and crop lien system

Questions and Themes for Reconstruction

o o What were the differences among the various plans for Reconstruction? What did they have in common? What were the strengths and weaknesses of each plan?

o o What were the motives of the Radical Republicans in choosing harsh political, social, and military Reconstruction measures in the South?

o o Why did the Radical Republicans try to impeach Andrew Johnson and why did they fail?

o o What does this era say about the power struggles between the president and Congress?

o o What were the short-run and long-term impacts of the Civil War Amendments?

o o What was the plight of the freedmen in the South? How did they fare economically?

o o What were the major accomplishments of Republican Reconstruction?

o o Why did the KKK arise and how did its activities change over the course of Reconstruction?

o o How did blacks in the South fare during Congressional Reconstruction?

o o What were the political repercussions of Reconstructions for both the Democrats and Republicans?

o o What happened during Grant’s presidency?

o o What were the political scandals of his administration? What was the political impact of the scandals of the period?

o o What happened during the Election of 1876?

o o Why did Reconstruction end? What were the short-term and long-term consequences of its end?

o o Was Reconstruction a total failure?

Presidency Chart – Andrew Johnson (17^th) (1865 - 1869)

Why he was put on the ticket in 1864

Opponents of Andrew Johnson

Thaddeus Stevens

Charles Sumner

Edwin Stanton

Major Items during Johnson’s Presidency

Presidential Reconstruction:

Johnson’s plan

Adoption of Black Codes

Formation of the KKK

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865, 1866)

13^th Amendment (1865)

14^th Amendment (1868)

Congressional Reconstruction: Reconstruction Acts (1867)

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Impeachment Trial (March-May, 1868)

Purchase of Alaska (1867)

Ex Parte Milligan (1866) - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under martial law.

Presidency Chart – Ulysses S. Grant (17^th) (1869 - 1877)

Elections of 1868 and 1872

Major Items during Grant’s Presidency

15^th Amendment

Force Bills (1870-71)/ Ku Klux Klan Act

Civil Rights Act of 1875

First Transcontinental Railroad (May 10, 1869)

Panic of 1873 - Unrestrained speculation on the railroads let to disaster - inflation and strikes by railroad workers. 18,000 businesses failed and 3 million people were out of work. Federal troops were called in to end the strike.

Corruption:

Credit Mobilier Scandal - A construction company owned by the larger stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad. After Union Pacific received the government contract to build the transcontinental railroad, it "hired" Credit Mobilier to do the actual construction, charging the federal government nearly twice the actual cost of the project. When the scheme was discovered, the company tried to bribe Congress with gifts of stock to stop the investigation. This precipitated the biggest bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.

Whiskey Ring - During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Boss Tweed - Large political boss and head of Tammany Hall, he controlled New York and believed in "Honest Graft".

Tammany Hall - Political machine in New York, headed by Boss Tweed.